Intermediate 1 > Lesson 2
Lesson 2. Direct and Indirect Quotations #1 (다고, (이)라고)
Quotation can be done Directly and Indirectly in Korean just like in English:
Direct Quotation-
Ex. 저는 “지수가 매일 한국어를 공부해요” 라고 (말)했어요 = I said, “Jisoo studies Korean every day.”
Indirect Quotation-
Ex. 저는 지수가 매일 한국어를 공부한다고 했어요 = I said that Jisoo studies Korean every day.
Indirect Quotation basically is embedding one sentence into another sentence.
INDIRECT QUOTING A SENTENCE IN PRESENT TENSE:
- Verbs: Verb + ㄴ/는 다고
Ex. 아빠는 제프가 잘 먹는다고 했어요 = Dad said that Jeff eats well.
Ex. 저는 제프씨가 요리를 잘한다고 들었어요 = I heard that Mr. Jeff is good at cooking.
- Adjectives: Adj + 다고
Ex. (나는) 지수가 착하다고 생각해 = I think that Jisoo is nice.
Ex. 제프는 지수가 예쁘다고 했어요 = Jeff said that Jisoo is pretty.
* ‘있다/없다’ use the Adjective rule despite being verbs!
Ex. 네가 요즘 한국어를 배우고 있다고 들었어 = I heard that you are learning Korean these days.
- Nouns (이다): Noun + (이)라고
Ex. 저는 학생이라고 했어요 = I said that I am a student.
Ex. 네가 천사라고 생각해 = I think that you are an angel.
* -(이)라고 is also commonly used along with names, when introducing oneself.
Ex. 저는 제프라고 합니다 = My name is Jeff.
- Negated Verbs/Adjectives/이다:
- Verbs-
Ex. 내 남자친구가 매운 음식을 안 좋아한다고 했어 = My boyfriend said that he does not like spicy food.
Or- 내 남자친구가 매운 음식을 좋아하지 않는다고 했어 = My boyfriend said that he does not like spicy food.
- Adjectives-
Ex. 오늘 날씨가 안 춥다고 생각해요 = I think that today’s weather is not cold.
Or- 오늘 날씨가 춥지 않다고 생각해요 = I think that today’s weather is not cold.
- 이다-
Ex. 지수는 고향은 서울이 아니라고 했어요 = Jisoo said that her hometown is not Seoul.
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INDIRECT QUOTING A SENTENCE IN PAST TENSE:
Verbs/Adjectives/이다 + 았/었/였 + 다고
Ex. 엄마는 아빠가 잠이 들었다고 생각해요 = Mom thinks that dad fell asleep.
Ex. 내 친구가 어제 안 추었다고 했어 = My friend said that it wasn’t cold yesterday.
Ex. 지수네 아빠가 변호사였다고 들었어요 = I heard that Jisoo’s dad used to be a lawyer.
*
INDIRECT QUOTING A SENTENCE IN FUTURE TENSE:
Verb + ㄹ/을 거라고
Ex. 지수가 앞으로 열심히 공부할 거라고 했어 = Jisoo said that she will study hard from now on.
Ex. 내일 비가 올 거라고 했어= I said it might rain tomorrow.
INTERCHANGING FUTURE AND PRESENT TENSE
- Interchangeable when talking about someone’s plan, determination or something that’s supposed to happen.
Ex. 지수가 앞으로 열심히 공부할 거라고 했어 = 지수가 앞으로 열심히 공부한다고 했어.
(Jisoo said that she will study hard from now on.)
Ex. 엄마가 곧 올 거라고 악속했어요 = 엄마가 곧 온다고 악속했어요
(Mom promised she will come soon.)
The above two sentences contain someone’s plan or determination of an action and so it is possible to interchange the future tense with the present.
- Not interchangeable when talking about predictions that aren’t 100% certain.
Ex. 내일 비가 올 거라고 했어= I said it might rain tomorrow.
Ex. 지수가 내일 아마 안 잘 거라고 생각해요 = I think that Jisoo might not sleep tomorrow.
In the above two sentences, since these are strong predictions, it is not possible to interchange the future tense with the present.
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IRREGULAR VERBS/ADJECTIVES
Verbs whose stem ends in ‘ㄹ’ 받침-
Ex.
살다 (to live) + ㄴ/는 + 다고 = 산다고
알다 (to know) + ㄴ/는 + 다고 = 안다고
만들다 (to make) + ㄴ/는 + 다고 = 만든다고
놀다 (to play; hang out) + ㄴ/는 + 다고 = 논다고